The image above isn’t a worst-case scenario. This is a normal state that large companies often find themselves in. It’s not the fault of the company. For many years, this was the norm due to common buying habits and the way in which options were presented to customers.
When you buy a Cisco switch, router, firewall, etc. you are actually purchasing the device, the support and the software license you needed for the appropriate functionality. Anytime you buy, upgrade or upgrade a device, the same process follows.
During the course of usage, other features on the device start getting utilised by the engineering team across the company. Over time, this creates a gap between what’s been purchased and what’s being used.